The Milroy Lectures ON RESPIRATORY EFFICIENCY IN RELATION TO HEALTH AND DISEASE.

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Costs of migratory decisions: A comparison across eight white stork populations

Flack, Andrea et al.Annual migratory movements can range from a few tens to thousands of kilometers, creating unique energetic requirements for each specific species and journey. Even within the same species, migration costs can vary largely because of flexible, opportunistic life history strategies. We uncover the large extent of variation in the lifetime migratory decisions of young white storks originating from eight populations. Not only did juvenile storks differ in their geographically distinct wintering locations, their diverse migration patterns also affected the amount of energy individuals invested for locomotion during the first months of their life. Overwintering in areas with higher human population reduced the stork’s overall energy expenditure because of shorter daily foraging trips, closer wintering grounds, or a complete suppression of migration. Because migrants can change ecological processes in several distinct communities simultaneously, understanding their life history decisions helps not only to protect migratory species but also to conserve stable ecosystems.A.F. was supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR); J.B. was supported by projects i-link0564, CGL2012-32544, and 511/2012 from the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, National Parks, National Ministries, and FEDER (European Regional Development Fund) funds. We acknowledge the support of Deutsch-Israelische Projektkooperation grants (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) NA 846/1-1 and WI 3576/1-1.We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).Peer reviewe

Synthetic Approaches for Accessing Pseudaminic Acid (Pse) Bacterial Glycans

Sugars to order: A summary of work in the field of pseudaminic acid (Pse) synthesis is provided. This non‐mammalian sugar is of increasing biological importance as an essential component in cell‐surface glycoconjugates of a number of pathogenic bacteria. Pioneering studies into biosynthesis of Pse5Ac7Ac have provided inspiration to carbohydrate chemists

Methyl 4′,5-dichloro-2-hy­droxy-4,6-dimethyl­biphenyl-3-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C16H14Cl2O3, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the two benzene rings is 55.30 (5)°. The methyl ester group lies within the ring plane due to an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond [maximum deviation from the C8O2 mean plane is 0.0383 (13) Å]. In the crystal, mol­ecules are held together by rather weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Woodland planting on UK pasture land is not economically feasible, yet is more profitable than some traditional farming practices

Abstract Increasing ecosystem service provision is a key strategy of the UK’s ongoing agricultural and environmental policy reforms. Enhancing forest cover by 4%, particularly on the least productive agricultural land, aims to maximise carbon sequestration and achieve net zero by 2050. Multiple factors affect the sequestration potential of afforestation schemes and landowner participation in them, highlighting the need for spatially explicit research. We used the InVEST Carbon Model to investigate the Loddon Catchment, southeast England as a study area. We assessed the carbon sequestration potential and economic feasibility of three broadleaved woodland planting scenarios; arable, pasture, and stakeholder-approved (SA) scenario. We found that over a 50-year time horizon, woodland planting on arable land has the greatest sequestration potential (4.02 tC ha−1 yr−1), compared to planting on pasture land (3.75 tC ha−1 yr−1). When monetising carbon sequestration at current market rates, woodland planting on agricultural land incurs a loss across all farm types. However, when including the value of unpaid labour, lowland pasture farms presently incur a greater loss (−€285.14 ha−1 yr−1) than forestry (−€273.16 ha−1 yr−1), making forestry a more economical land use. Subsidising up to the social value of carbon (€342.23 tC−1) significantly reduces this loss and may make afforestation of pasture land more appealing to farmers. Woodland planting on lowland pasture land would increase forest cover by up to 3.62%. However, due to the influence of farmer attitudes on participation, it is more realistic for afforestation to occur on lowland pasture land in the SA scenario, equating to a 0.74% increase

(2SR,3SR)-Isopropyl 3-{[dimeth­yl(phenyl)­sil­yl]meth­yl}-2-hy­droxy-2-vinyl­pent-4-enoate

The relative configuration of the title compound, C19H28O3Si, which was synthesized using a dienolate-[2,3]-Wittig rearrangement, was corroborated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The Si—C bond distances are in the range 1.858 (2)–1.880 (2) Å and an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond helps to stabilize the mol­ecular conformation

Which medications benefit patients with diastolic heart failure?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), propranolol, statins, furosemide, and some angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) benefit patients. Medications that reduce mortality in diastolic heart failure include ACEIs (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, 1 prospective cohort trial with matched controls), propranolol (SOR: B, 1 randomized controlled trial [RCT]), and statins (SOR: C, 1 prospective cohort trial). Furosemide improves symptoms of heart failure and quality of life (SOR: C, 1 RCT, using cohort data). ARBs show mixed results: candesartan decreases hospital admissions (SOR: B, 1 large RCT); losartan improves exercise duration and quality of life (SOR: B, 2 small RCTs); irbesartan doesn't improve heart failure symptoms or other outcomes (SOR: B, 1 large RCT)

(4R)-4-Benzyl-3-{(4S)-4-chloro-4-[(S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]butano­yl}-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one

The title compound, C19H24ClNO5, was synthesized and subsequently employed in an Evans alkyl­ation. The purpose was to prove the absolute configuration in the projected synthesis of the side chain of (–)-Lytophilippine A. The oxazolidinone and the isopropylidene acetal rings have twisted conformations. The oxazolidinone and side-chain carbonyl groups are orientated in an anti­periplanar arrangement to minimize van der Waals repulsions. Furthermore, the Cl atom and the acetonide-protected secondary alcohol are also in an anti­periplanar arrangement with a torsion angle of 173.64 (14)°. The absolute configuration was determined and agrees with the configuration of the used chiral auxiliary